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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The diagnosis and evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women remains a challenging topic. The goal of this study is to review recent literature and summarize the diagnosis and management of BOO with special focus on recent progress. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, numerous advances in the area of female BOO have taken place including a movement towards unified diagnostic criteria, summary of functional and anatomic causes, and exploration of potential diagnostic options. SUMMARY: This review discusses the known diagnosis and management of female bladder outlet obstruction, yet highlights specific functional causes, new criteria available for diagnosis, and long-term results of treatment options.
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Meier et al. (2016) studied this question.
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