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Former indentured plantation laborers from India established village settlements near sugar estates in western Trinidad in the late nineteenth century. Livelihood activity in two such villages between 1890 and 1910 consisted of food production, cash cropping, and wage labor. Both villages were on marginal lands between cane plantations and coastal swamps. Each family in each village exploited a continuum of microenvironments from swamps to canelands. Daily or seasonal movements among these microenvironments maintained a balance between village activity and plantation labor.
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Bonham C. Richardson (1975) studied this question.
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