Gender differences in wages are a persistent pattern in most European countries. This study analyses the earnings divide between men and women and the driving forces behind it in 26 countries. In 2014, the cross-country gender pay gap stood at 14.2%. However, country-level results differ tremendously with high gaps of more than 20% in Estonia and Germany and gaps below 5% in Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Romania. While part of the earnings divide can be explained by gendered sector affi liation and the high share of atypical employment among women, a large portion of the gender pay gap remains unexplained by the data. Even though the gender pay gap statistics are unable to identify the (non-)existence of discrimination, it still calls for diverse measures both at the state and the firm level.
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Boll et al. (2019) studied this question.