Both oral and written communication play an important role in teaching and learning mathematics (NCTM 2000). Students and teachers exchange ideas about their understanding of, and thinking about, mathematics by communicating with one another. An important part of this communication process is the choice of symbols used to represent that thinking (Hiebert 1989). The process of representing mathematical ideas using symbols and expressions should begin at the earliest stages of mathematics instruction and appear in the context of ideas to which young students can relate (Carey 1992).
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Lubinski et al. (2002) studied this question.
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