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A detailed and systematic analysis of the loss mechanisms in vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers is presented with the goal to correctly determine the amount of pump power that is converted to heat. With this input, the accuracy of a recently proposed method for measuring the thermal impedance based on roll-over characteristics is shown to be very high for devices with and without dielectric coating. Potential errors arising from non-heating losses can be determined by performing experiments with different out-coupling mirrors.
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Hader et al. (2013) studied this question.
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