Frequency response curves of a violin produced by machine bowing, hand bowing, and moving-coil electromagnetic driver are compared. Hand- and machine-bowed response curves compare favorably, the differences being attributed to the method used to clamp the violin for machine bowing. Machine-bowed and moving-coil driver curves compare less favorably, which fact is attributed to differences in the exciting velocities and rocking motion of the bridge.
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Bradley et al. (1970) studied this question.
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