CXCR4-using viruses in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells during primary HIV-1 infection and impact on disease progression

OBJECTIVE: Cysteine-cysteine receptor 5 (CCR5)-using viruses classically predominate during HIV-1 primary infection but the frequency of cysteine-X-cysteine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-using viruses varies between studies and could be different between plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Thus, we determined HIV-1 tropism in both these compartments during primary infection and evaluated the impact of CXCR4-using viruses on disease progression. DESIGN: One hundred and thirty-three patients with primary HIV-1 infection were screened for HIV-1 coreceptor usage in plasma and PBMCs using both genotypic and phenotypic methods. The impact of CXCR4-using viruses' transmission on subsequent disease progression was assessed in a case-control study. METHODS: HIV-1 coreceptor usage was determined using a recombinant virus phenotypic entry assay and V3-based genotypic algorithms. We also monitored CD4(+) T-cell count, clinical events and therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: There was 6.4% of CXCR4-using HIV-1 in plasma during primary infection as measured by a phenotypic assay and combined criteria from the 11/25 and net charge genotypic rules. Geno2pheno10 overestimated the prevalence of CXCR4-using viruses (12%). HIV-1 tropism in plasma and PBMCs was 98% concordant. The HIV-1 RNA load and CD4(+) T-cell count during primary infection were not related to virus tropism. Primary infection with CXCR4-using viruses was associated with an accelerated rate of disease progression, estimated by a faster decline of CD4 T-cell count under 350 cells/microl and by a reduced delay in initiating a first antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma or PBMC samples can be used for determining HIV-1 tropism during primary infection. CXCR4-using viruses are rare during primary infection but increase the risk of disease progression.