Key result
Macromorphological analysis reveals donkey ventricular myocardium is arranged into three layers with distinct bundle orientations.
Why the study?
The detailed macromorphological arrangement of the ventricular musculature in donkey hearts was not fully characterized.
The ventricular myocardium of the donkey heart is arranged into three distinct layers (superficial, middle, and deep) with specific bundle orientations.
Anatomical layering in donkey hearts extends comparative morphology data; leaves open translation to clinical veterinary cardiology.
The present work was conducted on 25 hearts of healthy donkeys of both sexes. Three methods were adopted to clarify the musculature of the ventricles; nitric acid method, acetic acid method and flour paste method. The ventricular myocardium was arranged into three layers: superficial, middle and deep. The superficial layer consists of eleven bundles arranged longitudinally from the base to the apex of the heart. Moreover, a thin subepicardial layer separated it from the epicardium. The middle layer on the right ventricle was horizontally oriented, while on the left ventricle it was represented by three bands; (A), (B) and (C). The deep layer on the right ventricle was formed of two bands (A) and (B) while on the left ventricle consisted of a single band (C), in addition to some fibers derived from the superficial layer. Theintervrentricular septum was formed from fibers extended from the middle and deep layers. The papillary muscles were four in the right ventricle and two in the left one.
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Ragab et al. (2006) studied Healthy donkeys (n=25). Macromorphological study methods (nitric acid, acetic acid, flour paste) was evaluated on Ventricular musculature arrangement. Macromorphological analysis of 25 donkey hearts revealed the ventricular myocardium is arranged into superficial, middle, and deep layers with distinct bundle orientations.
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