Fundamental harmonic of ripples in symmetrical Cockcroft–Walton cascade rectifying circuit

On the basis of a conventional Cockcroft–Walton (C–W) cascade rectifying circuit, an expression is derived for the fundamental harmonic of ripples due to asymmetry of driving voltage in a symmetrical C–W circuit. The expression is validated from good agreement with experimental results of both a low-voltage model circuit and a high-voltage circuit used in an ultrahigh-voltage electron microscope.