Effervescent Vitamin Supplements and Their Effects on Dental Enamel and Resin-Based Restorative Materials: A Narrative Review

Effervescent vitamin supplements are widely used because they are convenient, dissolve rapidly in water, and provide an alternative to conventional tablets or capsules. Their formulations commonly contain organic acids that can create an acidic oral exposure after dissolution. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence on the effects of effervescent vitamin supplements on dental enamel and resin-based restorative materials. Literature was identified through PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection, supplemented by screening the reference lists of relevant publications. Direct experimental evidence indicates that some effervescent formulations can reduce enamel microhardness, increase surface roughness, and, under repeated laboratory exposure, cause measurable enamel loss. Erosive potential differs substantially between products and is influenced not only by pH but also by buffering properties, calcium and phosphate content, acid type, and the overall chemical composition of the dissolved preparation. Resin-based restorative materials show a more heterogeneous response. Changes in microhardness and surface roughness are inconsistent across studies and appear strongly material dependent, whereas clinically relevant color changes have been demonstrated in selected material-supplement combinations. Differences in resin chemistry, filler characteristics, and filler-matrix stability may contribute to this variability. Most direct evidence is derived from in vitro studies, limiting direct translation to routine clinical use. Current findings support minimizing prolonged contact of acidic effervescent solutions with dental surfaces, particularly in individuals at increased risk of erosive tooth wear. Further in situ and clinical studies are needed to determine the long-term clinical relevance of these effects.