WHO-ICOPE–Aligned Multidomain Interventions for Intrinsic Capacity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials

BackgroundIntrinsic capacity (IC) reflects older adults' physical and mental abilities, and its decline predicts loss of independence. The WHO Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) framework promotes multidomain, person-centred interventions, but evidence from trials remains limited.ObjectiveTo synthesise findings from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating WHO-ICOPE-aligned interventions in community-dwelling older adults.MethodsFollowing PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO CRD420250654375), five English-language RCTs published from January 2020 to December 2025 were included. Participants had decline in at least one IC domain. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and findings were narratively synthesised due to heterogeneity.ResultsOne trial implemented the full ICOPE pathway; four used partial approaches. Improvements were most consistent for locomotion and vitality, while cognitive and psychological findings varied and sensory effects were generally limited. No consistent advantage of full over partial implementation was established.ConclusionsEvidence remains limited and heterogeneous; further high-quality trials are required.