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Studies in the field of utilization of spent lead batteries are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to reprocessing of active materials of the batteries, to behavior of sulfur, to reduction of lead oxide with various reductants, and to refining of secondary lead. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies as well as electrochemical methods are considered.
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А. Г. Морачевский (2014) studied this question.
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