Applied Force during Piston Prosthesis Placement in a 3D‐Printed Model: Freehand vs Robot‐Assisted Techniques

OBJECTIVES: To describe a 3D-printed middle ear model that quantifies the force applied to the modeled incus. To compare the forces applied during placement and crimping of a stapes prosthesis between the Robotic ENT Microsurgery System ( REMS) and the freehand technique in this model. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective feasibility study. SETTING: Robotics laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A middle ear model was designed and 3D printed to facilitate placement and crimping of a piston prosthesis. The modeled incus was mounted to a 6-degree of freedom force sensor to measure forces/torques applied on the incus. Six participants-1 fellowship-trained neurotologist, 2 neurotology fellows, and 3 otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residents-placed and crimped a piston prosthesis in this model, 3 times freehand and 3 times REMS assisted. Maximum force applied to the incus was then calculated for prosthesis placement and crimping from force/torque sensor readings for each trial. Robotic and freehand outcomes were compared with a linear regression model. RESULTS: Mean maximum magnitude of force during prosthesis placement was 126.4 ± 73.6 mN and 105.0 ± 69.4 mN for the freehand and robotic techniques, respectively ( P = .404). For prosthesis crimping, the mean maximum magnitude of force was 469.3 ± 225.2 mN for the freehand technique and 272.7 ± 97.4 mN for the robotic technique ( P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data demonstrate that REMS-assisted stapes prosthesis placement and crimping are feasible with a significant reduction in maximum force applied to the incus during crimping with the REMS in comparison with freehand.