GWAS of habitual coffee consumption reveals a sex difference in the genetic effect of the 12q24 locus in the Japanese population

Studies on genetic effects of coffee consumption are scarce for Asian populations. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of habitual coffee consumption in Japan using a self-reporting online survey. Candidate genetic loci associated with habitual coffee consumption were searched within a discovery cohort ( N = 6,264) and confirmed in a replication cohort ( N = 5,975). Two loci achieved genome-wide significance ( P < 5 × 10 − 8 ) in a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts: an Asian population-specific 12q24 (rs79105258; P = 9.5 × 10 − 15 ), which harbors CUX2 , and 7p21 (rs10252701; P = 1.0 × 10 − 14 ), in the upstream region of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AHR ) gene, involved in caffeine metabolism. Subgroup analysis revealed a stronger genetic effect of the 12q24 locus in males ( P for interaction = 8.2 × 10 − 5 ). Further, rs79105258 at the 12q24 locus exerted pleiotropic effects on body mass index ( P = 3.5 × 10 − 4 ) and serum triglyceride levels ( P = 8.7 × 10 − 3 ). Our results consolidate the association of habitual coffee consumption with the 12q24 and 7p21 loci. The different effects of the 12q24 locus between males and females are a novel finding that improves our understanding of genetic influences on habitual coffee consumption.