Key result
STEMI is linked to ~99% greater risk of cardiogenic shock after AMI.
Why the study?
Identification of key risk factors involved in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction and their impact on incidence and mortality remains unknown.
What are the risk factors associated with the incidence and mortality of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction?
Systematic Review
What are the risk factors associated with the incidence and mortality of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction?
Odds Ratio: 1.99 (95% CI 1.34–2.63)
p-value: p=<0.001
Key risk factors including STEMI, diabetes, smoking, female sex, and advanced age significantly predict the incidence and subsequent mortality of cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction.
Supports early risk stratification to prevent cardiogenic shock in AMI patients; confirms key predictors across studies.
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which could lead to severe health loss. This systematic review aimed to analyze the risk factors related to the incidence and poor outcomes of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS), including in-hospital death, 30-day death and 1-year death. Original studies were systematically searched in PubMed and Embase up to November 2022. The summary odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all studies were acquired based on a random effect model or fixed effect model. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to the study design, followed by sensitive analyses. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42023466123). There are 25 studies enrolled, including 12 cross-sectional studies, ten retrospective cohort studies, and three case-control studies. The pooled results reveal that female sex (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.09-1.11), advanced age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.09), smoking (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.26-1.45), diabetes (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.08-1.82), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.34-2.63) are significantly associated with the development of AMI-CS. Among these factors, all except smoking increase the risk of in-hospital death among AMI-CS patients. Advanced age (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12) and diabetes (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.25-2.29) have negative impacts on 30-day death, while advanced age (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.70-2.50) and STEMI (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15-1.95) are associated with 1-year death. Our findings highlight the significance of risk factors in predicting the incidence and prognosis of AMI-CS. Early identification and targeted interventions for individuals with these risk factors could potentially help prevent the occurrence of AMI-CS and improve patient outcomes. Heart failure after a heart attack poses considerable threats to the health of patients with high incidence rate and increased death. However, identification of the key risk factors involved in heart failure after a heart attack remains unknown. This systematic review article compiles findings from current research on heart failure following a heart attack to examine patterns between groups and determine potential risk factors. We find that risk factors include female sex, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, and a severe heart attack with complete blockage. All these factors, except smoking, increase the risk of in-hospital death. These findings highlight the need for preventative care for individuals with these risk factors to prevent mortality. Maimaitiming et al. systematically analyse the correlations between patient-related factors and cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS). The results reveal the risk factors in predicting the incidence and prognosis of AMI-CS, which emphasizes early identification and targeted interventions for high-risk patients.
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Maimaitiming et al. (2025) conducted a systematic review in Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) vs. Absence of STEMI (e.g., NSTEMI or Unstable Angina) was evaluated on Incidence of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS) (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.34-2.63, p=<0.001). ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction significantly increased the risk of developing cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (OR 1.99), along with diabetes, smoking, female sex, and advanced age.
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