Surface pressures and sound produced by turbulent flow over smooth and rough walls

This paper is a summary account of empirical models of the turbulent boundary layer wall-pressure spectrum and radiated sound. Terminology, definitions, and formulas are reviewed to enable the reader to gain access to the current literature. Empirical representations are given for the wall-pressure wave number-frequency spectrum and the acoustic pressure frequency spectrum for both smooth and rough walls at low mean flow Mach numbers, and for the wall point-pressure spectrum at arbitrary Mach number.