Global intI1 abundance quantifies livestock antimicrobial-resistance risk

Livestock farming environments are major reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), yet scalable genetic indicators that quantitatively capture both abundance and dissemination potential remain limited. Class 1 integrons (CL1s) integrate gene capture with horizontal transfer capacity and have been proposed as candidates, but their suitability as a direct proxy for livestock-associated AMR risk has not been rigorously tested at scale. Here we show that the abundance of intI 1 functions as a robust quantitative indicator of livestock-associated AMR risk. Using a custom Class 1 Integrase Database expanded by 63.5% and integrating 4,017 livestock metagenomes, 9,625 isolate genomes, and approximately 1.2 million clinical genomes, we demonstrate that intI 1 abundance tracks host- and geography-dependent risk patterns, that livestock CL1s carry compact, conserved resistance-cassette arrays matching clinical spectra, and that nearly all are plasmid-borne, with their efficient dissemination facilitated by Tn402-, ISCR-, and IS110-family elements. A random-forest model trained on these data predicts global intI 1 abundance and associated risk with high accuracy ( R 2 = 0.93), revealing persistent hotspots across Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America over two decades. These findings establish intI 1 as a practical, single-platform proxy that can be incorporated into One Health surveillance and early-warning systems.