Beyond direct reuse and remanufacturing strategies, the upgrading and repurposing of products remain lot of added value to the products and transform the used products in new products with an improved performance or totally new. The paper outlines the scientific and technological challenges to deal with, to make this scenario sustainable and profitable for both companies and society. The scenario is explained and case studies are presented and discussed.
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Brissaud et al. (2017) studied this question.
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