A conditional avoidance technique was utilized to assess the deleterious effect of four metal ions in the aquatic environment of fish. All test ions, arsenic, lead, mercury, and selenium impaired performance at concentrations below the lethal concentration for 1% (LC1). Mercury was the most potent, producing measurable effects at 0.Q03 ppm. Behavioral toxicity techniques are suggested as useful in setting water quality standards.
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Weir et al. (1970) studied this question.