Winners of the Brazilian soybean yield contest: climatic, soil, management, and economic factors

Soybean yield contests have been generating useful information regarding the cultivation of this important crop commodity. The aim of this study was to analyze environmental, management, and economic variables associated with soybean yield contest winners in Brazil. Data from eleven summer soybean harvests included grain yield, rainfall, climatic and agronomic efficiency, soil chemical and physical attributes, management strategies, and economic indicators. Two grain yield classes were evaluated: 1) high yield (4967–6839 kg ha −1 ) and 2) very high yield (6859–8945 kg ha −1 ). Enhanced soybean yield was due to adequate rainfall that led to high climatic efficiency (77%) and high agronomic efficiency; average values ranged between 78% (high yield class) and 86% (very high yield class). Correction and maintenance of soil chemical and physical quality (surface and subsurface), alternative fertilization and microbial co-inoculation were notable. Winners in the very high yield class reported higher soil K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ levels, more frequent use of dolomitic limestone, greater soil structural quality, greater use of biostimulants (via foliar spray), and higher net revenue. While high climatic efficiency was fundamental for success, intensive integration of technologies with conservation practices for better soil and crop management are necessary to maximize soybean yield and economic gains. • Climatic and agronomic efficiencies were key factors to sizeable soybean yields. • High chemical and physical quality of surface and subsurface soil was essential. • Microbial inoculation and foliar or seed fertilization were needed. • Intensive use of technologies and conservation practices maximizes economic gains.