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September 18, 2026BMC Infectious DiseasesOpen Access

Two-group SEIQR epidemiological model with heterogeneous behavior

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Population

Simulated population divided into high- and low-risk groups for COVID-19 transmission

Design

Other

Key result

In a two-group SEIQR epidemiological model, combined vaccination and awareness strategies achieved the best performance in reducing COVID-19 infections and overall cost.

Authors

MAMo’tassem Al-arydahHBHailay Weldegiorgis BerheATAbdessamad Tridane

Discussion

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Overview

Risk-stratified SEIQR modeling may guide targeted COVID-19 interventions; leaves open empirical validation before practice change.

Key Points

  • Investigate how behavioral and contact heterogeneity between high- and low-risk populations influence epidemic transmission dynamics and the optimal deployment of control interventions.
  • Formulated a two-group SEIQR epidemiological model and proved solution positivity, boundedness, and stability using next-generation matrix methods.
  • Performed global sensitivity analysis via Latin Hypercube Sampling-Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient (LHS-PRCC) to determine key drivers of the basic reproduction number.
  • Developed a dynamic optimal control framework using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to evaluate time-dependent vaccination and public awareness strategies.
  • Sensitivity analysis identified within-group low-risk transmission as the strongest driver increasing reproduction number, while low-risk quarantine had the greatest dampening effect.
  • Public awareness interventions demonstrated peak effectiveness during early epidemic phases, whereas combining vaccination and awareness achieved superior infection reduction and cost-efficiency.
  • Optimal control simulations allocated greater intervention effort to the low-risk behavioral cohort under the evaluated transmission parameters and objective cost functions.

Structured PICO

P
Population
Simulated population divided into high- and low-risk groups for COVID-19 transmission
I
Intervention
Time-dependent vaccination and awareness interventions (optimal control framework)
O
Outcome
Basic reproduction number (R0), infections, and overall cost

A two-group SEIQR mathematical model demonstrates that combined vaccination and awareness strategies optimally reduce COVID-19 infections and costs, with intervention allocation highly dependent on transmission heterogeneity.

Limitations

  • The greater allocation to the low-risk group observed in this study is a model-dependent finding and should not be interpreted as general public-health guidance to prioritize low-risk populations over clinically high-risk populations.

Cite This Study

Al-arydah et al. (2026) studied COVID-19. Time-dependent vaccination and awareness interventions was evaluated on Basic reproduction number (R0) and infection reduction. In a two-group SEIQR epidemiological model, combined vaccination and awareness strategies achieved the best performance in reducing COVID-19 infections and overall cost.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aad0ad5de0393d728b892dahttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14399-9
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