The intensity noise of selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is compared to the shot noise limit. Different operation regimes where transverse single- or multimode emission occurs are investigated. At low-temperature operation, quantum efficiency of the VCSEL is increased leading to photon-number fluctuations 1.4 dB below the shot noise limit.
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Wiedenmann et al. (1999) studied this question.
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