Characterizing low fluence thresholds for in vitro photodynamic therapy

The translation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the clinic has mostly been limited to superficial diseases where traditional light delivery is noninvasive. To overcome this limitation, a variety of mechanisms have been suggested to noninvasively deliver light to deep tissues. This work explores the minimum amount of light required by these methods to produce a meaningful PDT effect in the in vitro setting under representative low fluence and wavelength conditions. This threshold was found to be around 192 mJ/cm(2) using the clinically approved photosensitizer aminolevulinic acid and 12 mJ/cm(2) for the more efficient, second generation photosensitizer TPPS2a.