Annual or perennial herbs, often woody at the base, infrequently lianas [or shrubs or trees] ; stems erect to decumbent, trailing, or climbing, simple cent, [very rarely fleshy and/or articulated], usually from a stout taproot. infrequently serrulate or shallowly lobed, [very rarely reduced to scales or absent], long-petiolate to sessile; stipules absent. Inflorescences of compact cymes or clusters arranged in axillary or terminal, simple or compound spikes, panicles, heads, or rarely racemes, or the flowers solitary; foUage leaves often reduced and bractlike in the inflorescence; each flower subtended by 1 bract and usually 2 bracteoles, all usually scarious, often spinescent, the 'Prepared for the Generic Flora of the Southeastern United States, a project of established in the first paper in the series (Jour. Arnold Arb. 39: 296-346. 1958). The area covered includes North and South Carolina, Georgia. Florida. Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. The descriptions are based primarily on the plants of this area, with additional information from extraterritorial taxa in brackets.
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Kenneth R. Robertson (1981) studied this question.