A reaction to Ivy and Ivy (1998) is offered by a counselor educator and practitioner. Mental disorders, diagnosis, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and the medical model versus the developmental model are discussed in relation to counselor education and training, diagnostic bias, and the future identity of professional counselors.
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J. Scott Hinkle (1999) studied this question.
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