A force field model to simulate turbulent flow over a surface with arbitrary roughness is described. A given roughness is decomposed into resolved and subgrid-scale roughness, conceptually similar to the flow decomposition in large eddy simulation (LES). For a given flow and Reynolds number, a Cartesian grid is selected to satisfy LES requirements. This grid determines the geometric features of the roughness that are formally resolved. The force field used to represent this resolved roughness is determined during the LES solution process, without any empirical input. The subgrid roughness that is not resolved is modeled by a random force distribution in which a drag coefficient is specified. Use of this approach to model surface roughness is demonstrated by calculations of the flow in a duct with a wavy wall with superimposed fine-grain roughness.
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Cui et al. (2003) studied this question.
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