The message of this paper is simple. Many of the concepts developed in the 1970s and 1980s that defined the limitations of Czochralski (Cz) silicon photovoltaic technology need to be re‐examined in light of new developments in all areas of the technology, from silicon feedstock costs, to Czochralski crystal growth, to the introduction of wire saw technology, to novel cell designs and processing. Present studies indicate that Czochralski silicon is capable of achieving module costs in the $2 W−−1 range. Programs to reduce manufacturing costs by reducing the direct and indirect material costs and improving process throughput and yields are showing success.
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K.W. Mitchell (1994) studied this question.