N'-Nitrosonornicotine was added to the drinking water of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Adenocarcinomas of the olfactory epithelium occurred in all 15 rats, squamous papillomas o- the esophagus in 1, squamous papillomas of the nonglandular stomach in 1, and a hepatacellular tumor in 1. The possible ingestion and subsequent in vivo nitrosation of nicotine and/or nornicotine could create a serious carcinogenic hazard to cigarette smokers.
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Singer et al. (1976) studied this question.