Impact of Regular Running on Health: Adaptations of the Cardiovascular and Musculoskeletal Systems – A Literature Review

Introduction/Aim: Regular physical activity, such as running, is considered one of the most accessible forms of exercise with well-documented health benefits. This review aims to present current knowledge on the effects of regular running on health and discuss the physiological adaptations it induces, particularly in the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. State of knowledge: Numerous studies confirm that regular running results in multidimensional health benefits. Cardiovascular adaptations include improved aerobic capacity, lower resting heart rate, and beneficial cardiac remodeling. Running also induces changes in the musculoskeletal system: increased capillary density and muscle mitochondrial content enhance endurance. In contrast, higher bone mineral density strengthens the skeleton and contributes to osteoporosis prevention. Summary/Conclusions: Running is an effective, accessible, and versatile form of physical activity that promotes health in multiple domains. Long-term, regular running leads to beneficial adaptations in the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, reducing the risk of chronic diseases and improving quality of life.