The ruthenium complex [RuCl 2 (I i Pr)( p -cymene)] catalyzes the direct condensation of primary alcohols into esters and lactones with the release of hydrogen gas. The reaction is most effective with linear aliphatic alcohols and 1,4-diols and is believed to proceed with a ruthenium dihydride as the catalytically active species.
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Sølvhøj et al. (2011) studied this question.
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