This past year produced some remarkable reports on renal (and other urinary) calculi. Randall's plaques have returned, phosphate relates to insulin and lipid metabolism, and sialic acid is out. Risk factors for astronauts, cystinuric individuals, older and indinavir patients achieve importance. Discovery by spiral computed tomography advances, teleconsultation emerges and shot-gun therapy with potassium-magnesium citrate succeeds. Endoscopic or shock wave lithotripsy vie for which is best, and both attempt to eliminate open surgery. Yet open surgery still has its place.
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George M. Drach (1999) studied this question.
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