Concentration polarisation, cake formation and pore fouling lead to a performance loss in microfiltration membranes that manifests itself as a permeate flux reduction. Causes of these phenomena are varied and depend largely on components and properties of the feed suspension. The most common causes are summarised in this article. Techniques to limit this reduction or retard fouling are overviewed, including feed pretreatment, choice of membrane material, flow manipulation, the use of high shear, gas sparging and additional force fields.
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Williams et al. (2000) studied this question.
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