In order to solve the problems of old QFP (quantum flux parametron) logic and to improve the operating margin, a QFP logic uses various circuits including a flux regulator, activation/signal amplifiers, a variable activated QFP (VAQ), and a dual-input-multiplexer gate (D-gate). The detailed designs and experimental results of these circuits are discussed. New QFP logic adopts a novel QFP, which can transfer I/O signals between two stacked chips directly by its I/O transformer. The prototype model of three-dimensional circuits by this kind of QFP is described.
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Hosoya et al. (1991) studied this question.