The efficacy of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized sham-controlled study

Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, and disabling mental disorder that is among the most economically catastrophic illnesses [1]. Negative symptoms are some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia that are poorly treated and severely interfere with the functional status [2]. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been extensively applied to investigate the negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients [2,3]. Along with the evidence-based guidelines reappraisal in 2020, TMS was downgraded from Level B (probable efficacy) to Level C (possible efficacy) on negative symptoms in schizophrenia [3].