The potential difference between a standard electrode and a test electrode in an electrolytic cell forms the input to a thermionic d.c. amplifier. The output current of the amplifier flows between the test electrode and a third electrode of platinum. Any change in potential of the test electrode alters the output current to reduce the charge, the system forming a closed-loop proportional controller. The two-stage amplifier is symmetrical, so that zero or reverse current can be obtained without loss of sensitivity. An output of 20 mA can be supplied with less than 100 mV variation of electrode potential.
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M.H.T. Roberts (1954) studied this question.
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