Efficient cooling in supersonic jet expansions of supercritical fluids: CO and CO2

Pulsed, supersonic beams of pure carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at stagnation conditions above their critical point have been investigated by time-of-flight measurements as a function of pressure and temperature. Although both molecules form clusters readily in adiabatic expansions, surprisingly large speed ratios (above 100) indicative of very low translational temperatures (below 0.1 K) have been achieved. In particular, the supersonic expansion of CO(2) at stagnation temperatures slightly above the phase transition to the supercritical state results in unprecedented cold beams. This efficient cooling is attributed to the large values of the heat capacity ratio of supercritical fluids in close vicinity of their critical point.