Beyond performance: the role of task demand, effort, and individual differences in ab initio pilots

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effect of task difficulty level on NASA-TLX sub-scale ratings. Error bars represent the standard error.

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  Figure 2. Effects of task difficulty level on control activity, performance, and physiological responses. Error bars represent the standard error.

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  Figure 3. Individual differences in performance and physiological response from D2 to D3. (A) Z-score normalized RMSE versus EEG frontal theta. (B) Z-score normalized RMSE versus heart rate. Green squares indicate normalized D2 values and blue circles indicate normalized D3 values. Arrows connect normalized D2–D3 values at the individual and group-level (highlighted in red).

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  Figure 4. Sub-group performance based on physiological response. (A) Relative RMSE between groups based on EEG frontal theta (B) Absolute RMSE between groups based on EEG frontal theta. (C) Relative RMSE of two groups based on heart rate. (D) Absolute RMSE between groups based on heart rate.

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  Figure 5. Flight simulator and Task. (A) A participant sitting in the simulator, (B) primary flight display used to complete the task. (C) Examples of task instructions. One example for each task difficulty level. Each task has several variants (e.g. difficulty level 1 includes turning left/right or climbing/descending). The black dashed lines show the idealized target profiles that minimize RMS error relative to the actual altitude (red) and heading (blue) for this specific trial.