Medical Illness and Pregnancy: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature

The Literature of Medicine1 July 1983Medical Illness and Pregnancy: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent LiteratureDIANE L. ELLIOT, M.D., SUSAN W. TOLLE, M.D., J. PATRICK O'GRADY, M.D., JEAN-CLAUDE VEILLE, M.D.DIANE L. ELLIOT, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, SUSAN W. TOLLE, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, J. PATRICK O'GRADY, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JEAN-CLAUDE VEILLE, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-99-1-131 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptImproved management of medical illness and advances in the monitoring of high-risk pregnancies and postnatal care have allowed successful pregnancy for women with complex medical problems. These advances have led to a large body of literature on these topics. The articles and books in this bibliography were selected as a guide for internists in their care of pregnant patients with medical problems.The literature was searched by reviewing subject headings inIndex Medicusand cross-referencing various medical diagnoses and pregnancy with the National Library of Medicine's MEDLARS program. The search was limited to items in English. Articles were selected in...General Works Drug Therapy and Addiction Cardiovascular Disease Thrombophlebitis and Anticoagulation Hypertension Renal Disease Diabetes Thyroid Disease Miscellaneous Endocrine Considerations Gastrointestinal Disease Hepatic Disease Hematologic and Oncologic Disease Infectious Disease Pulmonary Disease Rheumatologic Disease Neurologic Disease Psychiatric Illness Miscellaneous Considerations and Conditions1. BURROWFERRIS GT. Medical Complications During Pregnancy. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co; 1982. Single best textbook on this topic. Recent edition has well-written discussions for a broad spectrum of medical conditions, and referencing is thorough and current. Also included are chapters on obstetric management of high-risk pregnancy and genetic disorders. Google Scholar2. BERKOWITZCOUSTANMOCHIZUKI RDT. Handbook for Prescribing Medications During Pregnancy. Boston: Little, Brown and Co; 1981. Important resource for anyone taking care of pregnant women. This small paperback lists prescribed drugs, vitamins, and drugs of abuse, and reviews implications for their use in pregnancy. Information on each drug is followed by references. Google Scholar3. SHEPARD T. Teratogenicity of therapeutic agents. Curr Probl Pediatr. 1979;10(2):1-43. Basic information on teratogenesis and detailed reviews of the proven, possible, and unproven human teratogens. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. PLATZKERLEWSTEWART ACD. Drug 'administration' via breast milk. Hosp Pract. 1980;15:111-22. Breast feeding has become more popular in recent years; presently, over 50% of mothers nurse their infants. More than 200 common drugs and substances are tabulated as to excretion in breast milk and compatibility with breast feeding. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. COLLINS E. Maternal and fetal effects of acetaminophen and salicylates in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1981; 58:57S-62S. Use of aspirin in the third trimester is associated with prolonged gestation and labor, increased blood loss at delivery, and increased perinatal mortality, its use should be avoided in the third trimester. No adverse effects of acetaminophen have been reported; however, no formal study of its use in pregnancy has been done. MedlineGoogle Scholar6. Caffeine and pregnancy. FDA Drug Bulletin. 1980; 10:19-20. Brief review of data on caffeine and pregnancy. The Food and Drug Administration advises elimination or limitation of caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Two recent articles (N Engl J Med. 1982;306:141-5; JAMA. 1982;247:1429-32) have not found an association between caffeine and birth defects. Further study of this topic is required. MedlineGoogle Scholar7. DANISNEWTONKEITH RNL. Pregnancy and alcohol. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol. 1981;4:5-48 The Surgeon General (FDA Drug Bull. 1981;11:9-10) advises woman who are pregnant not to drink alcohol; this is an extensive review of the issues surrounding the adverse effects of alcohol on pregnancy and offspring. Google Scholar8. ABEL E. Smoking during pregnancy: a review of effects on growth and development of offspring. Human Biol. 1980;52:593-625. Smoking, which (probably) causes fetal hypoxia, has significant adverse effects; they include growth retardation, an increase in spontaneous abortions, perinatal mortality, and malformations. MedlineGoogle Scholar9. FINNEGAN L, ed. Drug Dependence in Pregnancy: Clinical Management of Mother and Child. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 1979. Monograph on management of drug problems, primarily heroin addiction, in pregnancy. Chapters on therapy for the pregnant addict, management of labor and delivery, and care of the newborn are included. Especially helpful are discussions of the psychological and legal issues. Google Scholar10. MCANULTYMETCALFEUELAND JJK. General guidelines in the management of cardiac disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1981;24:773-88. Best review article on this topic. The authors discuss general considerations and briefly outline the common categories of cardiac disease and pregnancy. In the same issue, an article by these authors reviews general cardiovascular physiology during pregnancy. In addition, these authors have an excellent chapter on this topic in: HURST JW, ed. The Heart. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 1982:1521-40. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. UELANDMCANULTYUELANDMETCALFE KJFJ. Special considerations in the use of cardiovascular drugs. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1981;24:809-23. Well-referenced summary of drugs used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease and cardioversion during pregnancy. Particularly useful are the sections on use of anticoagulants, propranolol, and thiazide diuretic agents. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. BARRETTVAN HOOYDONKBOEHM JJF. Pregnancy-related rupture of arterial aneurysms. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1982;37:557-66. Discussion of cerebral and aortic aneurysms and pregnancy; other sites of arterial rupture associated with gestation are also reviewed. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. RAYBURNFONTANA WM. Mitral valve prolapse and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;141:9-11. Outcomes of 42 pregnancies in patients with mitral valve prolapse shown by echocardiography. All patients with isolated mitral valve prolapse tolerated pregnancy without complications. The use of peripartum antibiotic prophylaxis remains controversial (see also reference 11, above); all but two patients in this series received antibiotic agents for endocarditis prophylaxis. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. PYERITZ R. Maternal and fetal complications of pregnancy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Med. 1981;71:784-90. Comparison of the experience from the Medical Genetics Clinic at Johns Hopkins University with that reported in the literature. Unlike previous published reports, data presented suggest women with minimal cardiovascular involvement from Marfan's syndrome, after careful clinical and echocardiographic assessment, can have safe pregnancies. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. DEMAKISRAHIMTOOLA JS. Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1971;44:964-8. Brief summary of the clinical features, natural history, and treatment of this rare condition. Recently, results of endomyocardial biopsy in three patients with this disorder have shown an inflammatory myocarditis that responded to immunosuppressive therapy (N Engl J Med. 1982;307:731-4), and this diagnostic maneuver should be considered in these patients. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. CHESLEY L. Severe rheumatic cardiac disease and pregnancy: the ultimate prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;136:552-8. Follow-up from 1931 through 1943 of 134 pregnant women with rheumatic heart disease. Provided the women survived pregnancy, the course of their cardiac diseases was unaffected, and no delayed effect on life expectancy was seen. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. GLEICHERMIDWALLHOCHBERGERJAFFIN NJDH. Eisenmenger's syndrome and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1979;34:721-41. Report of two successfully managed patients and literature review. Because of associated maternal mortality of 30%, this and primary pulmonary hypertension are medical indications for therapeutic abortion. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. IBARRA-PEREZAREVALO-TOLEDOALVAREZ-DE LA CADENANORIEGA-GUERRA CNOL. The course of pregnancy in patients with artificial heart valves. Am J Med. 1976;61:504-12. Women with prosthetic heart valves can be managed through pregnancy. However, a high rate of spontaneous abortion and increased maternal morbidity were shown. The authors report their experience with 28 pregnancies, therapeutic considerations, and outcomes. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. BORTOLOTTIMILANOMAZZUCCO UAA. Pregnancy in patients with a porcine bioprosthesis. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:1051-4. Eight pregnancies in patients with porcine valves not anticoagulated were unaccompanied by thromboembolic events. However, two patients developed valvular calcifications. Porcine valves may be the most desirable prosthesis in women who plan pregnancy, but their natural history in these patients is undefined. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. MOSELEYKERSTEIN PM. Pregnancy and thrombophlebitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1980;150:593-9. Synopsis of the risk factors for thrombosis associated with pregnancy and a brief guide to diagnosis and treatment. MedlineGoogle Scholar21. HALLPAULIWILSON JRK. Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy. Am J Med. 1980;68:122-40. Detailed compilation of the literature. Based on the data for warfarin and heparin, recommendations for anticoagulant use in pregnancy are reviewed. The article cited in reference 11, above, discusses why data on the heparin complication rate may be criticized. Anticoagulation during pregnancy is an area of controversy requiring individualization of therapy. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar22. CHESLEY L. The control of hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Annu. 1981;10:69-106. Well-written article by an expert. The prognosis and management of preeclampsia-eclampsia and its relation to chronic hypertension are discussed. MedlineGoogle Scholar23. LINDHEIMERKATZ MA. Pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Annu Rev Med. 1981;32:273-89. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia-eclampsia is still elusive. Possible causes include decreased uteroplacental perfusion associated with platelet aggregation and decreased prostacyclin production, immunologic abnormalities, and a genetic disorder. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24. GANTWORLEY NR. Hypertension in Pregnancy. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts;1980. Brief text includes chapters on pathophysiology and consequences of hypertension to the mother and fetus, and practical recommendations for evaluation and management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. A case-presentation format is included. Google Scholar25. FISHERLUGERSPARGOLINDHEIMER KABM. Hypertension in pregnancy: clinical-pathological correlations and remote prognosis. Medicine. 1981;60:267-76. A study of renal biopsies done 1 week postpartum on patients with hypertension during pregnancy confirms that clinical differentiation of preeclampsia, nephrosclerosis, and chronic glomerulonephritis is difficult. Women with pathologically documented preeclampsia were not at increased risk for development of hypertension. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar26. BERKOWITZ R. Anti-hypertensive drugs in the pregnant patient. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1980;35:191-204. Well-referenced article that examines antihypertensive drugs in general and relates that information to their use in pregnancy. Therapeutic plans for chronic hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia are presented. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar27. RUBIN P. Beta-blockers in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1323-6. Because of adverse effects on the neonate, the use of beta-blockers has been avoided during pregnancy. The author reviews data on beta-blocker use and concludes their risk may have been overestimated. Controlled trials comparing beta-blockers versus more standard therapies (hydralazine or alpha methyldopa) are advocated. Letters-to-the-editor on this controversial topic followed (N Engl J Med. 1981;306:810-1). CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar28. KATZDAVISONHAYSLETTLINDHEIMER AJJM. Effect of pregnancy on the natural history of kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol. 1981;25:53-60. A retrospective and prospective review from three medical centers of the effect of pregnancy on renal disease. In general, patients with minimal initial impairment in the glomerular filtration rate do well, although proteinuria and hypertension may increase. Overall, the natural history of the disease did not appear to be adversely affected by pregnancy. Similar data of these authors are presented in Kidney Int. 1980;18:192-206. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar29. GRUNFELDGANEVALBOURNERIAS JDF. Acute renal failure in pregnancy. Kidney Int. 1980;18:179-91. Well referenced overview of the causes of acute renal failure in pregnancy and their clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. The authors critically review the literature on bilateral cortical necrosis and idiopathic postpartum acute renal failure. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar30. COEPARKSLINDHEIMER FJM. Nephrolithiasis during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:324-6. Except for an increased rate of urinary tract infections, women with a past history of nephrolithiasis do well. The rate of stone passage is unchanged by pregnancy. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar31. PENNMAKOWSKIHARRIS IEP. Parenthood following renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 1980;18:221-33. Data on pregnancies of 37 women who had renal transplants are discussed. If renal function was normal before conception, the pregnancy was tolerated well, except for an increased incidence of preeclampsia. However, morbidity and mortality of offspring were increased. Data on offspring of male transplant recipients are also discussed. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar32. NOTELOVITZQUINLAN MR. Diabetes and pregnancy—theory and practice. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol. 1980;3:4-58. A long article, but the best overall summary of the topic. The authors cover all aspects of pathophysiology and management. Google Scholar33. GABBE S. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy: have all the problems been solved? Am J Med. 1981;70:613-8. Concise summary of the new information available on management of diabetes during pregnancy, as well as discussion of areas for further research. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar34. MERKATZADAM IP. The Diabetic Pregnancy: A Perinatal Perspective. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.; 1979. Well-written book divided into three sections: considerations for the mother, effects on the placenta and fetus, and implications for the neonate. Particularly useful is the discussion of nutritional management of the mother. Google Scholar35. JOVANOVICDRUZIMPETERSON LMC. Effect of euglycemia on the outcome of pregnancy in insulin-dependent diabetic women as compared with normal control subjects. Am J Med. 1981;71:921-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar36. COUSTAN D. Recent advances in the management of diabetic pregnant women. Clin Perinatol. 1980;7:299-311. Representative recent articles showing that improved glucose control and close fetal surveillance decrease perinatal mortality. The second article further outlines the methods used at Yale University to achieve improved control, as well as methods of fetal monitoring and the use of constant-infusion insulin during labor and delivery. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar37. MILLERHARECLOHERTY EJJ. Elevated maternal hemoglobin A1c in early pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:1331-4. Children of diabetic mothers have an increase in congenital anomalies. This article suggests that the incidence is correlated with glucose control in early pregnancy as shown by hemoglobin A1c levels. The implication of their findings is that improved control before conception and in early pregnancy may decrease the incidence of congenital anomalies. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar38. KITZMILLERAIELLOKALDANYYOUNGER JLAM. Diabetic vascular disease complicating pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1981;24:107-23. From a symposium on diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetic women with nephropathy, cardiac disease, or retinopathy present unique problems in management. The special considerations in these groups of patients are discussed. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar39. MESTMAN J. Management of thyroid disease in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 1980;7:371-85. Best overall review article on this topic. Thyroid function testing, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter, and thyroid nodules are discussed. Concise rational recommendations for management are presented. Burrow's chapter on this subject in the book cited in reference 1, above, is also excellent. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar40. MESTMAN J. Diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol. 1981;4:5-50. Well-written, current review. The literature relevant to the controversies in managing pregnant patients with hyperthyroidism is critically reviewed. Google Scholar41. CHERONKAPLANLARSENSELENKOWCRIGLER RMPHJ. Neonatal thyroid function after propylthiouracil therapy for maternal Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:525-8. Thyroid function studies of 11 mothers treated with propylthiouracil (with and without thyroid hormone supplementation) and their infants. Although the mothers were shown chemically to be euthyroid, evidence of transient hypothyroidism was found in their infants. The researchers emphasize the need to use the lowest dose of propylthiouracil possible in treating hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar42. MONTOROCOLLEAFRASIERMESTMAN MJSJ. Successful outcome of pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:31-4. Outcome of 11 pregnancies in 9 women who were hypothyroid during the first and second trimester; most women were euthyroid on replacement therapy during the third trimester. Unlike previous studies, the infants did well. The independent development of thyroid function in the fetus seems to protect against adverse affect of maternal hypothyroidism. LinkGoogle Scholar43. AMINOMIYAIKURO NKR. Transient postpartum hypothyroidism: fourteen cases with autoimmune thyroiditis. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87:155-9. Description of a form of autoimmune thyroiditis that seems to have a postpartum "flare". Patients developed a diffuse goiter, high-titer antithyroid microsomal antibodies, and hypothyroidism 3 to 5 months after delivery. Recovery occurred by 10 months postpartum. LinkGoogle Scholar44. CROSIGNANIFERRARISCARDUELLIPICCIOTTICALDARAMALINVERNI PCCMRA. Spontaneous and induced pregnancies in hyperprolactinemic women. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58:708-13. Report on the successful use of bromocriptine to allow pregnancy in women with small adenomas. Interestingly, many women had a clinical and biochemical improvement after pregnancy. A large surveillance study of the drug's effects on pregnancy and the fetus (JAMA. 1982;247:1589-91) has not shown any adverse effects of its use early in pregnancy. MedlineGoogle Scholar45. SCHENKERCHOWERS JI. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1971;26:739-47. Pheochromocytomas are rare during pregnancy, but carry high mortality for both mother and fetus. Their presentation may resemble preeclampsia. The diagnosis should be considered in patients with "essential hypertension" occurring before or early in pregnancy. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar46. SHANGOLDDORWELTFLEISCHMANCRENSHAW MNSAM. Hyperparathyroidism and pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1982;37:217-28. Hyperparathyroidism increases perinatal morbidity and mortality, primarily due to neonatal tetany. Second-trimester parathyroidectomy has been the therapy of choice, but earlier detection and better medical management may make acute surgery unnecessary. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar47. SALLEBERTHEZENEGLORIEUX BFF. Hypoparathyroidism during pregnancy: treatment with calcitriol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:810-3. Successful treatment of a woman with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with calcitriol (1, 25-(OH)2D); the infants had no evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Dosage requirements during pregnancy are presented, and their implications discussed. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar48. DEVORE G. Acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient due to pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, or peptic ulcer disease. Clin Perinatol. 1980;7:349-69. A concise review of the incidence, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management of these conditions during pregnancy. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar49. MOGADAMDOBBINSKORELITZAHMED MWBS. Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology. 1981;80:72-6. Results of a national survey of gastroenterologists. Data suggest disease was not adversely affected by pregnancy. If disease was quiescent or mild before pregnancy, in approximately 75% of patients it remained quiescent during pregnancy. If disease was active before pregnancy, it stayed active in 50% of the patients. Data suggest use of corticosteroids and sulfasalazine for ulcerative colitis is unlikely to increase fetal morbidity or mortality. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar50. WILLOUGHBYTRUELOVE colitis and pregnancy. Data from a large of women with ulcerative and a literature incidence of congenital abnormalities, and perinatal mortality were If disease was before pregnancy, of patients remained in patients who did in the first trimester. If pregnancy occurred during a of disease the disease was to with corticosteroids and sulfasalazine did not appear to have adverse effects on the infants. CrossrefMedlineGoogle R. in Am J Med. of three causes of during pregnancy: of pregnancy, and acute of pregnancy. Although information is the article a overview of these topics. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Acute failure at Med. useful article the management of of pregnancy and its differentiation from other causes of tract disease, of pregnancy, and the CrossrefMedlineGoogle of the of the which acute Gastroenterology. were by maternal and no treatment is occurred in of infants of mothers at the of delivery. by of also to be in the third trimester. CrossrefMedlineGoogle in the of perinatal of initial report of a in the trimester to acute or the at risk for of This prospective suggests infants to mothers should by 75% in the infants. recommendations for use from the for Disease in Ann Intern Med. These infants are also for CrossrefMedlineGoogle L. of and platelet a of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Severe preeclampsia may present with and hypertension. Also associated with the syndrome are and The syndrome, which may be as common as in pregnancy, may be as a primary disorder and and treatment for preeclampsia. CrossrefMedlineGoogle and a review. Obstet Gynecol Literature review of patients who may however, maternal mortality, due to peripartum and neonatal mortality were increased. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Severe disease during labor and delivery. JAMA. No clinical review is available on this topic. These brief and of considerations a useful guide to management. CrossrefMedlineGoogle hemoglobin and the a management Clin Perinatol. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Management of disease in pregnant patients. Obstet Gynecol. Management of disease during pregnancy is an area of The first article reviews outlines considerations for and on areas of of delivery, and the use of The authors their for and the The second article the against their use is for with or general Data to this controversy from a current of this therapy be available this MedlineGoogle The use of Clin Obstet Gynecol. CrossrefMedlineGoogle L. disease of the a Clin Obstet Gynecol. Although the management of is to the patients their primary with these problems. These articles from a recent symposium an on management. CrossrefMedlineGoogle R. in obstetric a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. of the causes of during pregnancy, with CrossrefMedlineGoogle in pregnancy: a Am J Obstet Gynecol. and preeclampsia may clinical the pathophysiology of each is This article the in differentiation and their implications for management. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Management of pregnancy in women with JAMA. articles are available on this this is a concise is controversy as to the to delivery. These authors present the for their and other are cited in their (see also reference CrossrefMedlineGoogle and pregnancy N Engl J Med. The results of a recent prospective study that found a between maternal and neonatal platelet Neonatal did not with maternal platelet or maternal platelet The between maternal platelet and was in mothers treated with or If this be an in the peripartum management of patients with CrossrefMedlineGoogle Pregnancy outcome following Am J Med. CrossrefMedlineGoogle and neonatal effects of agents. Obstet Gynecol. The first article on patients from the National and the second is a literature review of the effects of agents. Data suggest that most patients who in other than the first trimester have normal offspring. MedlineGoogle R. and complicating pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. Well-referenced article that briefly disease effects on the fetus, and treatment for acute chronic disease, and the CrossrefMedlineGoogle Management of the pregnant patient