X‐ray topographs of initially perfect and unstrained crystals of zinc and cadmium show that loops and line defects nucleate and grow in them as a result of their exposure to air. This phenomenon is attributed to the growth of an oxide film causing vacancies to be injected into the crystal which aggregate to produce the visible defects. Observations on cadmium crystals in an electron microscope show nucleation and growth of similar defects and these results can be explained using the same model.
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Michell et al. (1966) studied this question.
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