Analytic three dimensional solutions for electromagnetic waves correct even for subcyclic pulses have been obtained. It is demonstrated analytically and via 1--2/2 dimensional PIC (particle in cell) simulations that the irradiation of an intense subcyclic pulse on a thin plasma layer gives rise to a pickup of all plasma electrons on the spot, accelerates them over a small distance, and leads to a short, coherent, and ultracold electron beam.
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Rau et al. (1997) studied this question.
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