Some adjuvants contain ligands that bind to a specific class of dendritic-cell receptors called toll-like receptors. Binding of ligand to toll-like receptors was thought to initiate the immune response and underlie the adjuvant effect. A recent study questions this assumption.
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Bali Pulendran (2007) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 2 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: