The series resistance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices was decreased by reducing the sheet resistance of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, which leads to increasing device efficiency. The performance of bulk heterojunction OPVs was critically dependent on of the ITO electrode. Upon reducing of the ITO from , the fill factor and power conversion efficiency of OPV was improved (from 0.407 to 0.580 and from to , respectively) under an AM1.5 simulated solar intensity of . The dependence of the series resistance on of the ITO suggests the dominance of the bulk resistance of the ITO electrode as a limiting factor in practical cell efficiencies.
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Kang et al. (2009) studied this question.
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