Ketoconazole Salt and Co-crystals with Enhanced Aqueous Solubility

Crystal structures of ketoconazole oxalate salt ( 1 ) and three co-crystals with fumaric ( 2 ), succinic ( 3 ), and adipic ( 4 ) acids in 1:1 stoichiometry were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in which 1 forms oxalate dimers involved in ionic interaction with the imidazole ring of ketoconazole molecules, while 2 – 4 display 4-member circuit networks between hydrogen-bonded ketoconazole and coformer molecules. The salt and co-crystal nature of 1 – 4 was confirmed by combining single-crystal X-ray diffraction, ss-NMR, and lattice energy calculations. Ketoconazole molecules show highly similar conformations and crystal packing in co-crystals 2 and 3, while different conformers are present in the 1, 2, and 4 structures. For all salt and co-crystals, powder dissolution measurements revealed a significant solubility improvement compared to ketoconazole, and the solubility of 1 – 4 is contrary to the solubility values of the corresponding acids. A 100-fold solubility increase in water was obtained by ketoconazole co-crystallization with fumaric and adipic acids. Additionally, 1 – 4 are stable in suspensions for at least 1 week and on storage at 40 °C/75% RH for at least 4 months. The melting points of 1, 3, and 4 are in line to their solubility, while the solubility difference between the highly similar co-crystals 2 and 3 is reflected in their different lattice energy. Our study emphasizes the benefit of crystal engineering in the landscape of the formulation techniques used to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs such as ketoconazole.