Electrochemical sensors for continuous monitoring during surgery and intensive care

The current state of development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for continuous use during surgery and intensive care is briefly reviewed with an emphasis on recent developments. The clinical usefulness of invasive and non-invasive sensors is discussed. Recent advances in the design of electrochemical sensors and experience with ex vivo and in vivo applications are described. The importance of developing appropriate fabrication technology is emphasised in order to meet the demand for reliable and reproducible analytical devices.