A forest-propagation model has been developed which includes the effects of trunks, branches, leaves and the ground. This model represents the forest as a planar, stratified, anisotropic, discrete, random medium, bounded above by air and below by ground. The mean field of the propagating wave has been obtained by recognising that the ensemble of discrete scatterers can be replaced by an equivalent continuous medium characterised by a linear dyadic permittivity. Fourier-transform techniques have been employed to generalise the model so that it accommodates arbitrarily modulated waveforms. Comparison of the model predictions with experimental data are presented for typical forest parameters. The paper also discusses predicted values of transmission loss as they relate to distance, antenna height, frequency, polarisation and biophysical forest parameters.
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Ş.S. Şeker (1992) studied this question.