DNA sequence analysis confirms the distinction betweenParablennius ruberandParablennius gattorugine, simultaneously validating the presence of the former species in Western Europe where it has been reported for >150 years. A possible scenario involving speciation ofP. ruberat the Azores and subsequent transport of larvae to Europe, a process that may be still occurring nowadays, could explain this pattern of occurrence.
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Almada et al. (2007) studied this question.
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