The probability of occurrence of fluctuations around nonequilibrium steady states or states slowly varying in time is discussed from a kinetic viewpoint. The limitations of the thermodynamic theory of fluctuations are investigated. It is shown that in a large class of far-from-equilibrium systems, described by a discrete set of variables, it is possible to extend the classical Einstein fluctuation formula, provided one uses suitable steady-state parameters rather than equilibrium quantities. This conclusion is shown to be in agreement with the results of recent work by Prigogine and Glansdorff.
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Nìcolis et al. (1969) studied this question.
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