Cognitive Aftereffects of Acute tDCS Coupled with Cognitive Training: An fMRI Study in Healthy Seniors

Figures

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  Figure 1. During the opening session, participants underwent sMRI and a neuropsychological examination and they practiced the VOMT and online VWM task. The VOMT and rs-fMRI were performed prior to and after each tDCS.

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  Figure 2. VOMT using conventional and unconventional views of pairs of objects. Line 1: conventional view task condition, correct answer is YES (left button); line 2: conventional view task condition, correct response is NO (right button); line 3: unconventional view task condition, correct response is YES (left button); line 4: unconventional view task condition, correct response is NO (right button).

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  Figure 3. Experimental framework. The two subtasks differ only in the instructions given at the beginning of each run, instructing the participant which, if any, stimuli they should attempt to remember over a 9 s delay, and in the response requirements. In the response period of the two memory tasks, a face or scene stimulus was presented (corresponding to the relevant stimulus class), and participants were required to report with a button press whether the stimulus matched one of the previously presented stimuli.

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  Figure 4. (a, b) Anode and cathode placements for bifrontal and right frontoparietal tDCS montages, respectively, with example current density determined using SimNIBS modeling software [38]; (c) MNI (x y z) electrode-center coordinates for both tDCS montages.

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  Figure 5. List of selected seeds and their coordinates for the rs-fMRI network analysis. Images decomposed from ICA were used to adjust the seed positions taken from Gao and Lin [36]. Note: lSFG: left superior frontal gyrus; rSFG: right superior frontal gyrus; ACC: anterior cingulum; rIPL: right inferior parietal lobule; lIPL: left inferior parietal lobule; rIFG: right inferior frontal gyrus; lIFG: left inferior frontal gyrus.

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  Figure 6. Changes in overall accuracy (in percentage) after bifrontal tDCS montage.

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  Figure 7. Changes in rs-fMRI connectivity (in percentage) between lDLPFC and IPL using the bifrontal tDCS montage.