Peptic Ulcer Disease: Etiology, Epidemiology, and the Evolving Role of Helicobacter Pylori and NSAIDs

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal condition characterized by a break in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Focusing on the declining prevalence of H. pylori in Western countries and the rising importance of NSAIDs as a contributing factor. Despite improved hygiene and medical interventions, PUD remains a significant health concern due to widespread NSAID use, especially among older populations. The etiology of PUD is multifactorial, involving an imbalance between gastric acid secretion and mucosal defense mechanisms, exacerbated by H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and genetic predispositions. Lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption also increase the risk of ulcer development. Clinically, PUD typically presents with epigastric pain This review explores the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical features of PUD, but asymptomatic cases are not uncommon, leading to severe complications like gastrointestinal bleeding. This review highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent the progression of PUD and its associated complications.