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The present review deals with the anomalous stabilisation of the oxidation state 2+ of a number of lanthanides and actinides. This stabilisation of the oxidation state 2+ is due to the lowering of the energy of a d-orbital as a result of crystal field splitting in the ligand field and d-electron participation in chemical bonding. The bibliography includes 68 references.
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Mikheev et al. (1992) studied this question.
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